The difference between taste tests and focus groups

The biggest difference between a taste test and a focus group is that for taste tests, you’re typically doing it alone, just tasting a product (or products) and answering a bunch of (usually multiple choice) questions about the product(s), and it’s a 20- to 30-minute commitment.

For focus groups, you are with a group of people and you are sharing your opinion about a product or a topic—focus groups don’t have to involve food at all. If the topic does happen to be food-related, you may or may not be asked to taste it during the meeting—or you may be asked to taste it, or shop for it, before the meeting. Focus groups are led; you interact by discussion with a moderator, and often times, with the other participants; and they usually pay more because it’s typically a 1- to 2.5-hour commitment.

A typical taste test

Here is the typical sequence of events for the taste tests I’ve participated in:

After logging in to a device, like an iPad, on which to provide your responses, you are presented with a small variety of products from one brand, or competing brands; for example:

You are usually asked to provide your opinion on a couple of things (e.g., appearance and aroma) before you taste the product:

Then you’re asked to taste the product and provide your opinion on things like the texture, mouthfeel, overall taste, saltiness, sweetness, bitterness, moistness, spiciness, likelihood to purchase, likelihood to recommend, etc.

And, then, before receiving the next sample, you’re asked to “clear your palate” (typically for 30 seconds) by eating a Saltine cracker and taking a sip of bottled water.


A typical focus group

To qualify for the focus group, you’re asked to share your opinion about one thing or another. Once chosen, you’re asked to do some kind of activity before the meeting, at which a moderator follows up on your answers or how the activity went. The follow-up can be in the form of asking for more details about an opinion expressed or an activity you did or asking you new questions about your opinion or activity.

With that said, I’ve been involved with three very different kinds of focus groups:

  1. For one, at the meeting, we tasted a variety of French fries, prepared in different ways (e.g., deep-fried, pan-fried, crinkly cut, plain, some with a red seasoning on them), and we were asked about the look, the taste, likelihood of buying, and where you’d expect to be served each of the varieties of fries. This one lasted 1.5 hours, and I was compensated with $100 in cash.

  2. For another, before the meeting I was asked to take a picture of mozzarella cheese that was currently in our refrigerator and then go to the grocery store I usually shop in and take a photo of one that I typically buy there. This one lasted 2.5 hours, and I was compensated with a $75 Amazon gift card. I wrote a separate blog entry about this one if you’re interested in more details.

  3. And for yet another, we were divided into “Team Publix” and “Team Wegmans” and followed a 3-phase “jury method” of sharing why each of us was so passionate about “our” store. The 3 phases involved: 1) devising opening statements with 5 supporting points, 2) rebutting the other team’s opening statements and supporting points, and then 3) providing a closing statement with 5 final points. This one lasted 2 hours, and I was compensated with a $150 Amazon gift card. I wrote a separate blog entry about this one if you’re interested in more details.

Become a taste tester or a focus group participant

I participate through L&E Research’s L&E Opinion and through North Carolina State University’s Sensory Service Center.

Mozzarella cheese focus group

This focus group was run by the Sensory Service Center at N.C. State University, on Saturday, March 25, 2023 from 1:30 – 4 p.m., and I was paid with a $75 Amazon gift card.

Pre-meeting

We were instructed to take a picture of any mozzarella cheese that was currently in our refrigerator, for which I submitted this photo:

Then we were to go to the grocery store we typically shop in, Publix for us, and take a picture of the mozzarella cheese we would buy if we needed some, and for which I submitted this photo:

Meeting

I’ll call the moderator Christina and her two fellow graduate students, Kai and Robert. An interesting thing about this focus group was that it was for research that these 3 graduate students were doing. I’ve never participated in a taste test that wasn’t sponsored by a company to get comparative information about their products.

There were 4 participants, including myself, and the other three were women, two I’d guess in their 20s, the other in her 40s, and me (in my 60s). I’m going to call them Amber, Sandra, and Sharuthi.

Amber and Sharuthi were very shy and usually needed to be prodded to contribute, which are not the best qualities for a focus group participant. Sharuthi was very soft-spoken, so much so that I could hardly hear her a lot of the time, and she was sitting right beside me. I could see the moderator struggling to hear her at times. Plus, the research team was (both video and) audio recording the session, and I’m pretty sure they’ll be maximizing the volume when listening later to transcribe the meeting.

Occasions

The first thing we did was to name “occasions” for which serving mozzarella cheese was likely, and the moderator wrote them on a white board. They included things like: breakfast/lunch/dinner, entertaining, watching sports, happy hours, and dinner parties.

Usage

Then we were asked to list ways we eat or use mozzarella cheese, and our answers included things like lasagna, chicken parmesan, pizza (and several other Italian dishes), bruschetta, Caprese salad, with crackers, as a snack, and as a topping.

Forms

After a short discussion of how to refer to the various shapes and sizes of cheese, which the moderator started off as referring to as “types” but quickly realizing that was too ambiguous, we settled on “forms.”

The forms we listed included balls, shredded, grated, block, fresh, cubes, diced, slices, food-processed, string, and wheels.

Focusing on block cheese

Then we listed things we make specifically using block mozzarella cheese. I noted that we rarely buy shredded or sliced cheese, so when we get the block home, we typically shred (with a food processor) one portion of it, and slice another portion of it—and store both in the fridge in Tupperware and label them. And these are the ways we typically use each form:

Block (shredded)

  • Salad topper
  • Pizza topper
  • Lasagna
  • Spaghetti squash burrito boats
  • Chicken parmesan
  • Stuffed peppers

Block (sliced)

  • Italian sandwiches/wraps
  • Lasagna
  • Stromboli
  • On crackers

Discussion

Once we made all those lists, we discussed a lot of things about mozzarella cheese, some of which were:

  • What criteria do we use when buying mozzarella cheese? (And somewhat surprisingly to me, the #1 criteria for all 4 of us was price, and that was primarily because all of us were of the opinion that “all mozzarella cheeses are pretty much the same.”)
  • When we buy a certain form of cheese (e.g., shredded, sliced), does it “perform” as expected? (Oddly framed question, IMHO.)
  • Why do we use mozzarella cheese in the things that we make with it?
  • Could a different type of cheese be substituted for the mozzarella in any or all of these dishes?
  • Does the packaging (e.g., colors, sizes, forms, reusable ziplock package, visibility of the cheese itself) affect your purchasing decision?

We looked at a list of claims that are made or images that are on cheese packages—do we even look at them, do we know what they mean, and how (if at all) they influence our purchasing decision.

There are so many of them, and the ones on a list we looked at included: produced locally, pasteurized, provides calcium and protein, hand-selected, rBST free, non-GMO, antibiotic free, kosher, vegetarian, vegan, all-natural, Italian, made in Italy, #1 in Italy, made from grass-fed cows, B Corporation certified, produced by a company that’s been in business for more than 75 years, produced by a farmer who’s been in business for more than 75 years, picture of a cow on it, picture of an Italian flag on it.

Preference ordering

For the next part of the meeting, they brought out a tray for each of us with these 6 packages of block mozzarella cheese on it:

Straight away, I started hoping they were going to let us take all these with us when the focus group was over. (Spoiler alert: That did not happen.)

They asked us to put these in the order of preference—without consideration of cost—with most preferred one first. These are already in the order that I ended up putting mine in. We then had to say why we chose the order we did.

The short version of my thoughts were:

  1. If cost wasn’t an object, I’d like to try the two, what looked like, “high-end” choices.
  2. I’ve had the Kraft before, and I know I like it, and it’s the perfect size to cut up to have with crackers at happy hours.
  3. I’m actually turned off with the “organic” label, and this is not only organic, the word is in its company name.
  4. I don’t shop at any of Sam Walton’s stores (e.g., Walmart, Sam’s Club), so I would never buy the Great Value brand.

Tasting

The next best possible thing to taking home all of these cheeses would be sampling each one, and that’s exactly what happened next!

They brought out another tray with about a half-inch by one-inch block of each of those brands, and we took a bite of each one, making notes about them, which we shared afterwards.

A summary of my thoughts:

  • Galbani – I was surprised at the “burst of flavor” I experienced when biting into it. It was perhaps a little buttery tasting to me and a good consistency.
  • Polly-O – I thought pretty much the same with this one and wasn’t sure I could discern them if I was blindfolded, although this brand seemed to be a little softer to me.
  • Kraft – I found this the closest in texture to what I think of when I think of block cheese. It seemed like it would easily cut into squares for happy hour appetizers. 😄
  • Organic Valley – I did not like this one at all. It had a sharp bite, and it was closest to a “stinky cheese,” which I don’t like.
  • Great Value (whole milk) – This was just “meh” to me, but you already know I’m biased against this store brand, and this one actually did something none of the others did, which was stick to my teeth a little as I was chewing it.
  • Great Value (part skim) – I thought this one was milder, and a little softer, than the whole milk one, but again, wouldn’t buy it.

Compensation

We finished up right at 2 hours as scheduled, were thanked profusely for our participation, and told that we’d get our “honorarium” on Wednesday, because they still had two more sessions to do with other participants.

Not sure why that precludes us getting our honorarium now, but hey, that’s just me.

Grocery store focus group

This focus group was run by L&E Opinions, ran on Thursday, March 16, 2023 from 9 – 11 a.m., at The Casso hotel, and I was paid with a $150 Amazon gift card.

I’m in the L&E Opinion’s database as an interested focus group participant, and I’ve participated in many of their taste tests and focus groups over the years. But I have to say that this one was like none of the others I’ve ever participated in.

Two things about it that were “firsts” for me were:

  1. They had a “lottery slot,” and one of the 9 qualified participants who were there “won” the lottery, which meant they were “dismissed with pay.”
  2. They used a “jury method” to conduct this focus group.

How I ended up participating

I submitted my interest in participating a couple of weeks prior to the meeting, but I didn’t get chosen. Then, on the Monday before the Thursday meeting, a recruiter emailed me saying:

“You recently completed a screening for our in-person grocery study and did not qualify. The client has changed the quotas they want, and I believe you would now qualify. Let me know if you’re still interested in participating.”

I answered yes immediately and she followed up with: “Since you didn’t qualify when you did the screening, I need you to answer these questions, and I’ll put you in the 9 AM group.” These were the questions, with my answers included:

  1. What do you like about shopping at Publix?

    I like that it’s downtown and so close to our house. I also like how they put a bunch of BOGO items in the area where you first enter, and I love their made-to-order subs in their deli.

  2. How satisfied are you? Would you recommend to others? How disappointed would you be if they closed?

    I’m very satisfied. I often recommend it to others. I would be devastated if they closed!

  3. Of the last 10 grocery shops how many were in store or online?

    All were in the store.

  4. Fun question: Use your imagination! If money were no object, what would your favorite dinner be? What would you have? Where would it be at? Who would you invite?

    A dinner for 4 or 6 with close friends. I’d ask each of the attendees what their favorite meal is and try to work in an element of each in our meal. Weather permitting, on our beautiful, screened-in back porch! Sam & Neal and Jaleh & Danny—good friends of ours whose company we really enjoy.

The morning of the focus group

Focus group calling at 8:23: “I’m just calling to remind you of your focus group at 9AM today.”
Me: “Yes, I’m leaving in 7 minutes. Thank you.
Bob, hearing my end of the call: “Focus group?”
Me: “Yes; they obviously don’t know me. I have a calendar entry, an iReminder notification, and 2 alarms set.”

Like the instructions in our email told us to, I arrived 15 minutes before 9:00 at the meeting place, The Casso in downtown Raleigh, a fairly new hotel, which I’d never been to. I followed the instructions about parking that were also included in our email: “Make sure you bring your parking garage ticket upstairs with you, so it can be validated to avoid paying parking fees when you leave.”

At almost start time, I may have posted this on social media:

Not to be a Judgy Judgerson or anything, but it’s 8:58 and “Jeff,” “Cindy,” & “Theresa” aren’t here yet. (I see their awaiting name tags.*)

Cindy came rushing out of the elevator at 8:59, trying to rifle through her purse while she walked, looking for her parking ticket. “I must have dropped it on the way up,” she said exasperated. Aside: I had stopped in the lobby after the meeting to text something, and she came running through the lobby toward the parking garage. Late to arrive. Lost her parking ticket. Late for her next big thing. Cindy’s got a lot going on.

By 9:04, they still hadn’t taken us back to the conference room where the meeting would be held, and Jeff came bounding in, not only 19 minutes later than he was told to be there, but 4 minutes after the gig was to start. People.

Right before we went back, one of the staff came out and said, “Which one of you is Julie?” Julie identified herself and they told her, “You’ve won the lottery. You’re free to go. You’ll still get your $150 honorarium for participating. It’ll arrive in your email within 3 business days. Thanks for coming today. Goodbye.”

The introduction

The first thing we learned was that we had been chosen by our passion for either Publix or Wegmans grocery stores and were divided into “Team Publix” and “Team Wegmans.”

Joe, the leader of the staff and the meeting, addressed the room: “We’re going to be using what’s called “a jury method” to run the focus group today. Actually, I’m going to be the judge, since I’ll be the only one ruling at the end, so there’s not really a jury.”

There were 4 of us on each team, and he invited us to each take one of the seats at our respective team’s table, where there were already two people sitting, whom Joe then introduced as our team moderators. At our Team Publix table, we all said polite hellos, and then turned our attention back to Joe.

Joe continued: So how this is going to work is that there will be 3 distinct phases of the meeting:

  1. Opening statements
  2. Rebuttals
  3. Closing statements

The opening statements phase

In the opening statement phase, you’re each going to make a claim (a declarative statement) about why your grocery store is the best, then devise 5 supporting points for that claim, and finally summarize it with a “pitch” statement.

You should devise individual supporting points (which can actually be more than 5), then discuss them all as a group and settle on 5 that you’ll present to the other team along with your opening and pitch statements. My original (6) supporting points about Publix were:

  1. It’s within walking distance of my house, and my husband sometimes does just that to get some exercise in when we need only a few things.

  2. As the only full-service grocery store in downtown Raleigh, it legitimizes our downtown/city.

  3. Their products—they have a BOGO area when you first enter the store, a fantastic bakery, and their deli has the best made-to-order subs, with daily specials for one kind of sub or another.

  4. They have a pharmacy with a great staff.

  5. They have excellent customer service, especially at the checkout counter, where there’s usually both a cashier and a bagger, and the bagger always asks, “Would you like help taking this out to your car?”

  6. I don’t have to worry about “Publix” seemingly needing an apostrophe in its name like I do with “Wegmans.”

After discussing everyone’s 5 points, we came up with our group response, which not surprisingly, didn’t include my grammatical concern about the Wegmans name. But I’ve let that go.

To go with our 5 points, we devised our declarative statement: “It’s everything you need without going overboard.”

And our pitch statement: “It’s your everyday grocery store, not a restaurant.”

The pharmacy has a star by it, because we had all agreed that that was its biggest differentiator from Wegmans, and we were going to put it first. But, I was the scribe, and I forgot to list it first, so that’s how we denoted it.

Team Wegmans went first presenting their equivalent work in support of their store, and the person they elected to present theirs, Ariana, was phenomenal—so much so that after she was done, I said to our team, “I think Ariana secretly works for Wegmans.”

Dawn presented our case, and then we moved on to the rebuttal phase.

The rebuttals phase

In this phase, we had to fill out a similar wall chart on which we had to rebut each of the 5 points that the other team presented about their store in the previous phase.

It may have been (okay, it definitely was) while devising these rebuttals of Team Wegmans’ points, for which we only had 20 minutes, that I first became annoyed with one of my teammates. Diane had two aggravating proclivities:

  1. Providing excruciatingly detailed examples
  2. Hyperbole to the point of losing credibility

Let me ‘splain:

Excruciating detail examples

About great customer service at the pharmacy, she said: “I take methotrexate, which is hard to get, but the Publix pharmacy not only got it for me, but they called me when it was in. I take Methotrexate for my rheumatoid arthritis. I take it orally, once a week, and it’s one of those drugs that may take several months before you get the full benefit of taking it.”

Me, by this time, thinking: OKAY! LOOK AT THE TIME! THIS IS ONE EXAMPLE OF ONE POINT OF FIVE WE HAVE TO DEVISE. Let me edit your example for you as a model for future points you make: “I take methotrexate, which is hard to get, but the Publix pharmacy not only found some for me, they called me when it was in. [FULL STOP]

About a price increase at Wegmans, she said: “My husband uses one of the Wegmans brand salad dressing for a recipe. It’s an old family recipe that his family makes. They’re from New Orleans and this dish needs an ingredient that’s only found in that Wegmans brand salad dressing, and the price has gone up from $.89 a bottle to $1.89 a bottle. That’s over a 100% increase!”

With flames on the side of my face, my edit: “My husband uses one of the Wegmans brand salad dressing for a recipe. It’s gone up from $.89 a bottle to $1.89 a bottle. [FULL STOP].

Hyperbole at the expense of credibility

In most of her points, she used the most extreme superlatives to the point of being incredulous: “Every time I go into Wegmans, the wi-fi doesn’t work. I can never find anything I’m looking for in their app. I can’t ever get through the store without getting lost, and someone always hits my ankles with their cart.”

I mean I was on her team, and I was already coming up with rebuttals to her statements: Personally, I can’t remember a time their wi-fi didn’t work. I only had one problem with their app—because the store location defaulted to a store in Virginia—and a customer service person knew that and promptly fixed it for me. I’ve gotten through the store at least 3 times without getting lost, and to-date, no one has clipped my ankles with a cart. Just sayin’.

The closing statements phase

In this final phase, each team had to concede one of the other team’s 5 points. Each team did this in the form of a “back-handed compliment,” which we were coached to do by the moderators at our respective tables.

Team Publix’s concession

We conceded that Wegmans has a food court and Publix doesn’t, which we immediately followed with, “You said if we don’t like it, we don’t have to use it, but it adds traffic in the parking lot, congestion in the store, and the store has to pay for all that space and the labor to operate it, which contributes to higher prices there.”

Team Wegmans’ concession

They conceded that Publix has a pharmacy and Wegmans doesn’t, which they immediately followed with, “But not everyone uses a pharmacy, and some people don’t have insurance to even be able to use a pharmacy, and there are plenty of other pharmacies around.”

We had to end this phase with a final, sort of tag line about our store, and ours was: “If you want a grocery-shopping experience without a dinner and a show, go to Publix.” This was a dig at how they described their store as an “experience” as opposed to “just shopping for groceries.”

The judging

Judge Joe asked, “Before I step out to make my ruling, I have one last question for each of the teams: “What’s your favorite department in your store?”

Our team couldn’t think of a particular department right away, so the Wegmans team shared theirs. (Which I promptly forgot.)

Looking back at our team, I said to Judge Joe, “I don’t know if it’s a department per se, but I’d have to say the checkout area. There’s almost always 2 cashiers in every line that is open, they do a great job of training and developing baggers, and the baggers always ask you if you would like help getting your bags to your car.

Everyone involved in checking out is just so nice. My husband loves chatting with them (and they with him, probably to the chagrin of the people in line behind him), but he knows so much about them, that he’ll come home and say things like, “Oh, Mary [the cashier at checkout #3], finally had her eye appointment and everything went well, She only had a slight change in her prescription.”

At this point, Judge Joe stepped out of the conference room, and after about 3 minutes, returned. One of the moderators said, “Ladies and Gentleman, the honorable Judge Joe.”

To which I quipped, “ALL RISE.” And everyone did. 😂

Joe said: First let me say that both teams did a great job. You were obviously passionate about your stores and each put forth a compelling case for yours.

I’m from near Cincinnati, and we don’t have either of these stores there, and you’ve piqued my interest about them so much that I plan to visit both of them before I leave Raleigh.

With that said, I’d have to say that Team Publix did the best job in convincing me that Publix is the better store, with it helping me to get in, do my grocery shopping, and get out.

Payment

Even though the emails stressed that it could be up to 3 business days before we received our “honorarium” for participating, and in fact, Judge Joe reminded us of that as we were leaving, by the time I got across town to Planet Fitness, I had a link to this in my email:


*The names of all of the participants, as well as the staff running the meeting, have been changed throughout.